supports charities fighting poverty, homelessness, hunger, and medical and literacy needs by using 100% of net proceeds (after operational costs). e. Ehrman is the author of more than twenty books, including the New York Times bestselling Misquoting Jesus and God's Problem. For renowned Bible scholar Bart Ehrman, the question of why there is so much suffering in the world is more than a haunting thought. Relatedly, Paul creates a virgin birth dilemma for Christians. He was born on 24 November 1951, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. I felt like his motivation was not a historical or facts-based one, but very much. For most students of the NT, a book on textual criticism is a real yawn. Jimmy Akin (born in 1965, Corpus Christi, Texas) is an internationally known [2] American Catholic apologist, author, speaker, and podcast host. Get access to Dr. The representatives for those positions were Mike Licona, Craig Keener, Rob Bowman, and. W. A comprehensive list of Dr. "Bart Ehrman has waged war on Christianity for years. Associate Professor, 1994-99. Wright and Bart Ehrman, hosted by Beliefnet. Bart Ehrman starts at the beginner's level and proceeds in small logical steps to explain the historical method and criteria for judging the reliability of sources. 17,979 ratings1,567 reviews. audio course taught by Professor Bart D. His primary source of income is her career as a New Testament scholar. Bart Ehrman Net Worth. Significantly, Ehrman emphasizes that scholars who have genuinely studied the evidence pertaining to the existence of Historical Jesus believe that HE existed, “Mythicists have often gotten upset with me for pointing out that almost no one with any qualifications in the requisite fields of. He has written and edited 30 books, including three college textbooks. Fabarez’s estimated net worth is $867,418. Their thinking, and mine, has been that if I do my best to follow the teachings of Jesus, in some respect I’m a Christian, even if I don’t believe that Jesus was the son of God…. November 15, 2013. The event was purposed to help evangelical Christians become aware of competing views on a challenging subject. I have finished a draft of my book on Revelation and am now having readers take a look at it, both layreaders and experts. I’m dedicating an entire chapter to Bart Ehrman and his best-selling book God’s Problem, because, as a self-described “former evangelical Christian,” Ehrman personifies the potential consequences evangelical churches face when they fail to address the problem of evil and suffering. The event was purposed to help evangelical Christians become aware of competing views on a challenging subject. EDIT: Haha also I'm looking at Dale Martin right now. Brill), co-editor-in-chief for the international journal of early Christian. 4. So is the Father, so is the Holy Spirit. " Bart D. As I began reading work by Bart Ehrman, I was referred to other scholars with more religious leanings like James White by Christian friends that are studying history. 25 The Jewish World of Early Christianity. 416 pp. Religious and biblical scholar Bart Ehrman makes the provocative case that many of our widely held beliefs concerning the divinity of Jesus, the. Michael Bird. Salary in 2020. Ehrman net worth is $250,000 Bart D. Net Worth – Entrepreneurs; Net Worth – Athletes; Net Worth – Musicians; Net Worth – Actors/Comedians; Net Worth – Authors/Speakers. Bart Ehrman and his Bible. The Bart Ehrman Foundation, Inc. But I’m not a scholar of the Qur’an or of Islam, and I would prefer. Stumbling across Bart Ehrman's work as an atheist taught me that the Bible is a highly complex set of texts with an intruiging history, and down the rabbit hole I went and now I believe that God is real and Jesus is my Savior. In this new account, acclaimed author Bart Ehrman contextualizes early Christian narratives of heaven and hell within the broader intellectual and cultural worlds from which they emerged. She supports families who want to homeschool with a thoughtful, holistic, and creative approach over at her website and she just released her first curriculum – the complete guide to Waldorf-inspired kindergarten at home. Ehrman makes with our YouTube Money Calculator. And at the same time religious belief has been steadily on the wane. “Bart Ehrman On How Jesus Became God,” to annotate your corrections into my copy of Ehrman’s book. Tough grader. Ehrman ‘s earnings, Worth, Salary, Property, and Income. Most of Jesus’s teaching is general in nature while the Pharisees only taught details . In The Bible: A Historical and Literary Introduction, renowned biblical scholar and New York Times Bestselling author Bart D. Dear Goldies and Plats, It's time for the November Gold Q&A, where I answer your questions--or at least as try to. HarperCollins. Bart Denton Ehrman, född 5 oktober 1955 i Lawrence, Kansas, är en amerikansk professor i religionshistoria vid University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill som har arbetat med kritisk granskning av den tidiga kristenhetens texter. I recently watched a debate between Ehrman and White and I just could not take White seriously. May 2nd. We don’t have enough concrete evidence to argue decisively about its roots, but the work of Kurt Aland, Gordon Fee, Bart Ehrman, Michael Holmes, and Tim Ralston has helped immeasurably. Net Worth in 2021. Andres Oppenheimer Weight. I found the content of this class very interesting and I'm glad I took it, but the expectations were unrealistic. by Richard Carrier on July 11, 2014 48 Comments. Pope “Spirit of Inquiry” Teaching Award, the 1993 UNC. 1) Some Levites–Moses, Hophni, et al. Ehrman's library of 4,000+ articles plus five new articles per week about the New Testament and early Christianity. for charity. a god rewards and punishes with heaven or hell in an eternal afterlife. This includes his assets, money, and income. While Ehrman is a leading New Testament scholar he has also achieved acclaim at the popular level authoring four New York Times bestsellers. Ehrman’s latest book, Jesus Before the Gospels: How the Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed, and Invented Their Stories of the Savior , is scheduled to be. Ehrman (born 5 October 1955) is an American New Testament scholar, currently the James A. 2 Pagan Religions in the Roman World. It indicates that 46% were a bit more than halfway sure he existed before the debate toward “100% Yes. Here is a question I received recently. Gray Distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill. BDEhrman April 17, 2020 at 11:16 amLog in to Reply. 52 2 New from $29. For blog subscribers, “The Triumph of Christianity…” by Bart D. to 325 A. What is Bart D. In Lost Christianities, Bart Ehrman has written two books in one. A few weeks ago I was in the Midwest and got to spend time with four classmates of the mid-1970’s from the Moody Bible Institute. The Bart Ehrman Foundation, Inc. The net worth of Bart D. Ehrman ‘s earnings, Worth, Salary, Property, and Income. Matthew 23:23. Ehrman’s estimated Net Worth, fast cars, relaxing vacations, pompous lifestyle, income, & other features are listed below. Lane. Funcționează ca profesor și decan al Departamentului de Studii ale Religiei din cadrul Universității Carolina de Nord, Chapel Hill. That is an admission that the word “God” means “I don’t know”. Bart Ehrman and host, Megan Lewis. Mormonism. he was born on October 5, 1955, in Lawrence, Kansas. T. Comment. Roger Viklund. Lawrence is a beautiful and populous city located. He also argues that the early New Testament writings portray Jesus less as God (e. A former Baptist minister, Price was a fellow of the Jesus Project, a group of 150 individuals who studied. Bart D. 3. Whether taken as a book of faith or a cultural artifact, the New Testament is among the most significant writings the world has ever known, its web of meaning relied upon by virtually every major writer in the last 2,000 years. The joint topics of death, resurrection, and the. Robert McNair Price (born July 7, 1954) is an American New Testament scholar who argues in favor of the Christ myth theory – the claim that a historical Jesus did not exist. . Read More. Erik Manning. Then circling back . August 30, 2020. When it comes to radio, one of the very best, top-flight programs to land is Fresh Air with Terry Gross. 753 people, how Jesus’ words in Matthew 26:11 and John 12:8 influenced the treatment of the poor would be most interesting! Robert McNair Price (born July 7, 1954) is an American New Testament scholar who argues in favor of the Christ myth theory – the claim that a historical Jesus did not exist. The claim at the heart of the Christian faith is that Jesus of Nazareth was, and is, God. But for the weekend I’ll just post a little embarrassing bit about Bart Ehrman I’ve just not found a spot to fit it in until now. Bart- as an unevangelical Latter-Day Ebionite, I don’t understand why your background comes up at all. Initially, only 6 people were involved in the prayers. Get access to Dr. My daughter Kelly launched her new business this month – Lavender’s Blue Homeschool. Ehrman, the author of “Jesus, Interrupted,” who knows ancient Greek the language in the earliest known New Testament texts, tells us that one of the reasons he abandoned. It's also particularly frustrating as Jesus Mythicism (depending on which form you are talking about) doesn't falsify Christianity. He has written and edited 30 books, including three college textbooks. BART EHRMAN. That doesn't make every detractor worth listening to or their arguments worthy of rebuttal. September 16, 2019. Bart D. Bart Ehrman's Youtube Channel, home of the "Misquoting Jesus" Podcast, which we release every week on Tuesday. 1 Welcome 91. Paul is the earliest textual witness to Christianity, yet he never once mentioned a virgin birth. In my book Did Jesus Exist I speak of him as a smart scholar with bona fide credentials. Ehrman’s research focuses on New Testament textual criticism, the historical Jesus, and the history of early Christianity. Journeys to Heaven and Hell: Tours of. More importantly, Bart Ehrman and textual critical arguments Muslims sometimes use against the reliability of the New Testament are a red herring. For a more 'radical' position (i. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and is a leading authority on the Bible and the life of Jesus. Ehrman's net worth, wiki, bio, career, height, weight, pics, family, affairs, car, salary, age, facts, and other details in 2023. Bart D. If the author of Mark did invent the empty rock tomb story, the original ending of Mark tells us why no one had ever heard of an empty rock tomb until circa 70 CE (when the first gospel was written): the women had told NO ONE. 7) “Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible’s Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are” by Bart D. 54 ratings7 reviews. Instead, he makes his philosophical arguments for ‘God’ as if it’s not necessarily the bible’s god. I am checking the old book sellers on the net to see if I can find an affordable copy in English. ”. [2] [3] He is the author of several books. 978-0195124743. There were papers due every week, 3 midterms, and a debate, but the final is worth 40% of your grade. “Bring some of the fish you have just caught. He is from American. The persecutions go all the way back. His ministry began with his association with John the Baptist, also an apocalyptic prophet. Ehrman was born on October 5, 1955 in Lawrence. When applied to a group of books, it refers to a recognized body of literature. It is by two Italian scholars, married to each other, who teach at the Università di Bologna, Adriana Destro, an anthropologist, and. Some of these versions contain translator notes, but the version I refer to the most is the NET Bible with its 60,932 translator notes; e. Ehrman worth at the age of 66 years of age. Their human faults are all too easy to see. Also, if part of the story isn’t plausible, blame the author. Your assertion that Bart Ehrman is the only Biblical scholar who is an atheist is wrong. I have always said that people were crucified by being nailed through their *wrists* instead of their hands. Like "virtually every expert on the planet" Bart Ehrman believes Jesus existed, arguing from the fact that we have 7 independent Gospel sources (referring to "Q" and other source material for the Gospels) plus at least 10 other witnesses (such as Hebrews, Clement, Papias,. Ehrman has a member-only blog, with an annual $24. Ehrman, Lost Christianites: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Ehrman,. A leading historian of the early church and the best-selling author of Misquoting Jesus, Bart Ehrman offers the first comprehensive account of the newly discovered Gospel of Judas, revealing what this legendary lost gospel contains and why it is so important for our understanding of Christianity. Oct. 2: Ignatius. This is an extremely well documented and well-written book, a real intellectual pleasure to read. Have you noticed in Matthews Genealogy of Jesus, there are 76 years omitted within the Kings of Judah. Michael Lattke. Ehrman believes that the model of Jesus as an apocalyptic prophet is the best lens with which to understand the life of the historical Jesus and the history of the movement that continued his legacy. A few months ago an important book of the Bible came out, written for general readers but based on a life-long pursuit of scholarship by a senior scholar at Oxford, John Barton. Bart D. Ehrman, better known by the Family name Bart Denton Ehrman, is a popular Activist . PS) Ehrman is an excellent researcher and his books are well worth reading; although I was a little disappointed by some of the rhetoric/logical gaps in this interview, as well as his out of hand dismissal of the larger issues at question (which, to be fair, were the interviewer’s responsibility), I appreciate and enjoy most of Ehrman’s work. She supports families who want to homeschool with a thoughtful, holistic, and creative approach over at her website and she just released her first curriculum – the complete guide to Waldorf-inspired kindergarten at home. Bowman and Gordon Gray Professor, 1998-2001. Winner of numerous university awards and grants, he is the recipient of the 2009 J. Bart Ehrman argues (very graciously) that there are many inconsistencies between the Gospels which makes them unreliable. At UNC he has served as both the Director of Graduate Studies and the Chair of the Department of. ” — Bart Ehrman. You’ll find nearly everything the Bible says about the end in the Book of. Ehrman's library of 4,000+ articles plus five new articles per week about the New Testament and early Christianity. Director of Graduate Studies, 1996-99. 2716 Posts (Offline) 1. Ehrman makes $1,607 monthly from YouTube. As an expert on the New Testament and the history of Early Christianity, Dr. ISBN 9780195141832. Lest I be guilty of lumping all Mythicists in one category, the only reason why the book gets 2 stars is because there a few articles that, if one sifts through the hysterical anti-Ehrman diatribes, have some. Page load link. Ehrman James A. Bart Ehrman says that Jesus existed. Of course, in theory, they didn’t *have* to make mistakes. At UNC he has served as both the Director of Graduate Studies and the Chair of the Department of Religious Studies. 2. Get access to Dr. Michael Kruger’s blog, The Canon Fodder, the reason atheists like Bart Ehrman is because they want to suppress the truth in unrighteousness. But since its publication on November 1, 2005, Misquoting Jesus2 has been circling higher and higher toward the Amazon peak. Dear Goldies and Plats, It's time for the November Gold Q&A, where I answer your questions--or at least as try to. My goal is to have the entire Old Testament section written before I go to England to join up with my beloved Sarah, who is already there for a program she’s teaching for. Gray Distinguished Professor University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CB #3225 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3225. Each blog member is allowed to. It's because these people had something they thought was worth hearing. Author. In Did Jesus Exist? historian and Bible expert Bart Ehrman confronts the question, "Did Jesus exist at all?" Ehrman vigorously defends the historical Jesus, identifies the most historically reliable sources for best understanding Jesus’ mission and message, and offers a. Date. Professor in the. Ehrman has written or edited thirty books, numerous scholarly articles, and dozens of book reviews. Membership starts at $2. The joint topics of death, resurrection, and the afterlife are deeply troubling and continually controversial to Christians and perhaps to all religionists. Bart Ehrman is professor of religious studies at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Jesus is a representation of Jewish Messianism which sinned against Rome. On page 252, in the appendix of the latter book, Ehrman says, "The position I. January 25, 2021. Steefen. Although each of these books attacks the. PSEUDEPIGRAPHY AND THE NEW TESTAMENT. by Neil Godfrey. North Carolina. “Different authors have different points of view. November 17, 2023. Through his various sources of income, he has been able to accumulate a good fortune but prefers to lead a modest lifestyle. Evangelicals might be able to hang on to some form of progressive or liberal Christian belief but Ehrman’s books are an axe to the root of Evangelical Christianity. My first trade book – that is, a book for a general audience — was Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium . Get access to Dr. 97 books1,740 followers. Jesus was an apocalyptic prophet who was expecting the coming of the Kingdom of God WITHIN HIS GENERATION. My knowledge of early Christianity comes entirely from Bart D. These Gospels were written over. His primary source of income is her career as a New Testament scholar. ISBN 9780195141832. In Did Jesus Exist, Bart Ehrman said the Nicodemus-Jesus conversation about being born again doesn’t make sense in Hebrew or Aramaic. ”. He says, “Before Abraham was, I am. Helpful. Richard Cevantis Carrier (born December 1, 1969) is an ancient historian. Facebook Twitter YouTube Rss LinkedIn. No Account Required Credit and Debit Cards Processed: Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, AmericanExpress, Diners Club, JCB, UnionPay, ApplePay, and GooglePay. com, and Diane will compile and send me the list. Why is Bart Ehrman wrong? TGLarkin (Tom Larkin) August 17, 2019, 7:49pm 1. Ehrman's net worth? Bart D. W. QUESTION: One of my favourite pieces on the blog is your post from 13 July 2015 titled ‘Earliest Christian Diversity’ on the work of Destro and Pesce. But that is an aside. I do not recommend this class. I started writing my book on the Apocalypse of John a couple of weeks ago and have been using the occasion to reflect on my how my approach to writing has changed over the past few years. Ehrman’s income source is mostly from being a successful . Bart’s net worth is estimated to be between $1 million and $5 million. It started 10 years ago and has 112 uploaded videos. Born and raised in. 7 The Earliest Christian Missions. Matthew Ferguson has posted a very thorough article clearly setting out a weakness in Bart Ehrman’s argument with William Lane Craig over the probability of the resurrection of Jesus. 3. New Testament. We have estimated Bart D. Yet the story they are added to is wholly fabricated. 99/mth and every cent goes to charity! Learn More!A Dialogue between Bart D. But first, all hell has to break out. Ehrman Wiki: Salary, Married, Wedding, Spouse, Family Bart D. Send your questions to [email protected] you start with 1000 Christians in the year 40 and end up with 6,000,000 Christians in the year 300, you need a rate of growth of (only) (about) 40% a decade. com , Bart is listed as a successful Academic who was born in the year of 1955. Posted 15 Apr 2014. Roman Catholicism. 6) and notes that every Roman Procurator since Agrippa I for “abstaining from all interferences with the customs of the country [that] kept the nation at peace” (J. Bart D. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and is a leading authority on the Bible and the life of Jesus. Book One is. 729 ratings115 reviews. So lack of evidence should not lead us to. Bart D. ἕν is neuter, not masculine, so the assertion is not that Jesus and the Father. Craig rightly considers this definition to be co mparative measure between two. Ehrman presents his long-awaited survey of the Bible. Bart D. Bart D. "In John, you do. Bart D. December 8, 2017. It costs as little as $2. Bart D. Some of these versions contain translator notes, but the version I refer to the most is the NET Bible with its 60,932 translator notes; e. Bart D. It was February 2008. PS) Ehrman is an excellent researcher and his books are well worth reading; although I was a little disappointed by some of the rhetoric/logical gaps in this interview, as well as his out of hand dismissal of the larger issues at question (which, to be fair, were the interviewer’s responsibility), I appreciate and enjoy most of Ehrman’s work. Ehrman’s net worth, money, salary, income, and assets. Gary February 17, 2022 at 7:19 pm Log in to Reply. You can't just say,. Ehrman's library of 4,000+ articles plus five new articles per week. The online courses, of course, are a way of disseminating knowledge about the Bible, the. Ehrman, better known by the Family name Bart Denton Ehrman, is a popular Activist . The claim at the heart of the Christian faith is that Jesus of Nazareth was, and is, God. New York Times bestselling author and Bible expert Bart Ehrman reveals how Jesus’s divinity became dogma in the first few centuries of the early church. A former Baptist minister, Price was a fellow of the Jesus Project, a group of. Ehrman recounts the fascinating story. Ehrman is a popularizer of historical-critical scholarship and has written a textbook on the NT that's used in introductory college courses. Ehrman net worth are calculated by comparing Bart D. 4 “The Jewish World of Jesus and His Followers” (on Sakai) 27 Recitation Two . The first people to argue this were living at the end of the 18th century. Then he said that we (the members) were going to get a surprise from you soon. Fee and Ehrman have. Ehrman’s latest book, Did Jesus Exist? is 368 pages long. New York Times bestselling author and Bible expert Bart Ehrman reveals how Jesus’s divinity became dogma in the first few centuries of the early church. Michael Bird (author of the Ehrman rebuttal, mentioned above) lays out five lines of evidence missing from Ehrman’s How Jesus Became God. Gray Distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill. ] March 18th, 2023 | Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. As did Brian McLaren, I recently read the conversation between N. He responded with a yes. Ehrman is the author of more than twenty books, including the New York Times bestselling Misquoting Jesus and God's Problem. That’s actually not particularly high as textbooks go. ”. Religious and biblical scholar Bart Ehrman makes the provocative case that many of our widely held beliefs concerning the divinity of Jesus, the Trinity. [1] Published in 2005 by HarperCollins, the. as other scholars have vigorously argued. Ehrman is the James A. Belief is a process, as is nonbelief. It. ”. and as a result, uncovers a picture of Jesus Christ that is well. Jesus’ Return to Life as a Resurrection. So I’ve received several emails over the past couple of days about the breathtaking new announcement to be made on October 19 (assuming the world still is functioning after October 17!) in London by “American Biblical scholar” Joseph Atwill (whom. The claim at the heart of the Christian faith is that Jesus of Nazareth was, and is, God. Bart, You said earlier of the creed expressed in 1 Cor 15:3-7, “we can’t assume that hte twelve were circulating it or base arguments on the claim that they were” and you also said, “I’m not saying at all that the twelve were claiming they saw Jesus alive. Most of the arguments he uses have been around for about 50-100 years. Bart Ehrman Net Worth. 4. Within twenty years of his death, Jesus's followers regarded him as a pre-existent being who became. He is long-time contributor to skeptical websites, including The Secular Web and Freethought Blogs, Carrier has published a number of books and articles on philosophy and religion in classical antiquity, discussing the development of early Christianity from a skeptical viewpoint, and. It costs as little as $2. e. Reply [deleted] •. Bart D. Posted 15 Apr 2014. Dead or. I was asked to write a review of the book for the London newspaper, The Telegraph, without having yet seen the book. 99/mth and every cent goes to charity! Learn More!Bart D. Bowman and Gordon Gray Professor, 1998-2001. We have done our research and today you can learn about Bart D. Bart Ehrman is simply a beautiful writer, he writes eloquently, coherently and honestly. Poor Hercules, trying to fight the Hydra. 9 Manteo 90. But this is not what the original disciples believed during. We know from the letters of Paul – from passages such as Romans 16 – that women played crucial leadership roles in the churches: ministering as deacons, leading the services in their homes, engaging in missionary activities. 99/mth and every cent goes to charity! Learn More!Get access to Dr. Bart Ehrman believes in the existence of the Historical Jesus. Everybody’s Yahweh!8. Ehrman in 2019? According to Wikipedia, Forbes & Various Online resource, Bart D. Gray Distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. ago. $1 Million – $5 Million. Generally speaking, the bigger the hexagon is, the more valuable Bart D. [1] It is worth stressing that Paul does indeed speak about Jesus as God, as we have seen. October 10, 2013. Bart D. Department Chair, 2000 – 2006. Ehrman Networth 2021. As an expert on the New Testament and the history of Early Christianity, Dr. For almost 1,500 years, the New Testament manuscripts were copied by hand––and mistakes and intentional changes abound in the competing manuscript versions. Net Worth. Yahweh is the god of the OT, Jesus is the son of the god of the OT and claims (in John) the “I Am” name; the doctrine of the Trinity says there’s a singular divine being manifest in 3 facets or functions, so yeah, of course Jesus is Yahweh. In conclusion, the balance of probabilities favours the long reading in Mark 1:1 the Son of God was indeed in the beginning. 90K subscribers. Dr Bart Ehrman says that the disciples ran away to Galilee and it seems that the earliest APPEARANCES were 70 miles away in Galilee. In clear and compelling terms, Bart Ehrman recounts the long history of the afterlife, ranging from The Epic of Gilgamesh up to the writings of Augustine, focusing especially on the teachings of Jesus and his early followers. Our first Christian author is Paul, who must have converted to be a follower of Jesus just three years or so after Jesus’ death. Quite the contrary in fact. Ehrman is a leading authority on the New Testament and the history of early Christianity and a distinguished professor of religious studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. For his part, Ehrman disputes that Jesus’ tomb was empty. ”. $98,166. Ehrman (born 5 October 1955) is an American New Testament. My daughter Kelly launched her new business this month – Lavender’s Blue Homeschool. ISBN. Jesus is a lamb of personification who died for the sins of Messianism against Rome. Bart’s net worth is estimated to be between $1 million and $5 million. Out of the 13 letters of Paul found in the New Testament, skeptical critics like Bart Ehrman will only grant that 7 of them are genuine. Comment Rules. The optional form on the right allows recurring donations! Please Note: These free will donations are not counted toward. $1491. That does. September 13, 2022 - 4:20 pm. historic timeline, annotated. ”.